Limits

  • one-way causal thinking is an oversimplification
    • multicausality
      • phenomenon are caused by more than one factor
    • bidirectional influence
      • both causal parts are interrelated, effecting each other
      • x y; y x; x y; y x; …

Regression Line

  • sw to ne positive relation
  • nw to se negative relation
  • w to e no relation