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Question Pool 4 Summary LM

Nov 04, 20252 min read

Principle of Falsifiability and Logical Analysis

  • Principle of Falsifiability

    • Serves as a demarcation line between:
      • Testable hypotheses and meaningless sentences.
      • Testable hypotheses and metaphysics/religion.
      • Testable hypotheses and pseudo-scientific statements.

  • Purpose of Logical Analysis

    • To be useful for personal and public life.
    • To demonstrate correctness of modern mathematical logic.
    • Not to reduce everything to the laws of physics.

  • Vienna Circle

    • A group founded in Vienna in the:
      • 1920s.

  • Demonstrating Falsifiability

    • Requirements include:
      • Formulating a negation of the singular consequence.
      • Formulating the singular consequence.
      • Identifying the condition under which the hypothesis is true.

  • Deductive Inference Rules

    • The Principle of Falsifiability utilizes:
      • Modus tollens.

  • Falsifiability vs. Verifiability

    • Popper’s objection to verifiability includes:
      • Validity of induction.
      • An all-sentence cannot be confirmed by observation.
      • The Verification Principle of Meaning.

  • Heidegger’s Critique

    • Criticized “Das Nichts nichtet” as being:
      • Nonsensical.

  • Basic Sentences According to Popper

    • Used to:
      • Falsify the hypothesis.
      • Verify the negation of the singular consequence of the hypothesis.

  • Problems with Basic Sentences

    • Popper notes that:
      • They cannot themselves be shown to be true.
      • Their acceptance relies on agreement or decision.

  • Hypothesis Consequences

    • Consequences of a hypothesis can be:
      • General conditional.
      • Singular sentences.
      • Identity claims.

  • Popper on Induction

    • According to Popper:
      • Induction is not justifying but developing a hypothesis.
      • There is no true induction.
      • Induction provides probable results.

  • Verification of Singular Consequences

    • Means:
      • The hypothesis is shown to be verifiable.
      • The hypothesis is not necessarily verified.

  • Meaning of Positivism

    • Refers to:
      • The Latin expression “positum”.
      • The philosophy of the French philosopher Comte (positivisme).

  • Method of Logical Empiricism

    • Involves:
      • Logical Analysis.

  • Principle of Verifiability

    • According to Logical Empiricism:
      • Hypotheses are not true but probable.
      • The consequences of a hypothesis can be ultimately verified.

  • Protocol Sentences

    • Defined as:
      • Sentences expressing the given in an unmediated way.
      • Conventions.

  • Pseudo-Scientific Claims

    • A claim is pseudo-scientific if:
      • It cannot be falsified.
      • It does not state conditions for falsification.

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